外资银行进入对中国银行业绩效影响的实证研究

理论研究表明,外资银行的进入,一方面能通过“竞争效应”、“溢出效应”、及“金融稳定效应”提升东道国银行业效率;另一方面也能通过“摘樱桃”行为对东道国银行客户市场及金融稳定性产生冲击。当东道国面临金融危机时,外资银行也有可能成为资本外逃的重要通道。同时,外资银行的进入会产生“人才效应”,造成东道国银行业高级人才的流失,降低东道国银行的盈利能力及管理效率。通过对外资银行进入程度与中国银行业绩效的关系进行的实证研究表明：外资银行进入对我国银行业产生的竞争效应有限,而溢出效应、金融稳定效应及人才效应较为显著。另外,国内银行自身规模对银行绩效无重大影响,宏观经济形势的变化对我国银行业绩效虽有一定影响,但影响不大。     

Added distance,entry mode choice,and the moderating effect of experience: The case of British MNEs in emerging markets

Distance has been viewed as a crucial determinant of the internationalization strategy of firms. Nonetheless, in recent years, there has been considerable debate with regards to, first, the type of distance considered most important when it comes to explaining the internationalization strategy of firms, and, second, how distance should be measured. In our study, we argue that a developed market multinational enterprise (DMNE)’s decision regarding the mode of entry into an emerging market (EM) will be affected by the geographic and administrative distance between the locations in which the MNE has previously held operations. Drawing our arguments on transaction costs economics (TCE) and Internalization Theory, we propose that, for low and high geographic and administrative distance, DMNEs will opt to enter EMs via a wholly owned subsidiary, while for moderate levels of distance via a joint venture. Furthermore, we argue that DMNEs’ previous international experience in EMs will have a positive effect on the suggested U‐shaped relationship, alleviating the negative effects associated with the coordination and knowledge dissipation costs incurred as a result of the level of distance. Our study contributes to existing literature both theoretically—notably via the examination of under‐researched facets of distance on entry mode choice—and also methodologically—through the adoption of a novel methodological approach in measuring distance. We test our hypotheses against a data set comprising 316 entries of FTSE 250 British MNEs in 39 EMs spanning the period 1971–2010.     

Internationalization of Smaller Firms: Opportunity Development through Networks

This article aims to contribute toward a better understanding of the opportunity development process that rapidly internationalizing small and medium‐sized enterprises (SMEs) undergo. Little is known about how SMEs overcome challenges in the process of recognizing and exploiting market opportunities during their rapid expansion abroad. This article presents a longitudinal case study that illustrates how a firm's relationships with business, social, and political actors enhance its opportunity development during the internationalization process. The findings highlight that conducting matching activities at different levels helps the firm overcome challenges and succeed in developing new opportunities for continued expansion abroad. This study contributes to research on rapidly internationalizing firms by broadening the empirical and theoretical understanding of the opportunity development process for smaller firms. © 2015 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.     

An empirical study on the timing of big retailers’ initial internationalization: Influence of the target market and entry-mode choice

This paper examines the timing of big retailers’ initial internationalization and proposes a theoretical framework. Then, the framework is tested with the proportional hazard model and data of European and U.S. big retailers. Empirical results show that retailers’ entry timing is jointly influenced by the economic conditions of both the home market and target foreign markets, cultural and geographical distance, and the entry mode. Based on these findings, this article offers suggestions to China’s big retailers whose initial internationalization has just started.     

文化贸易壁垒的效应分析

多年来我国一直在文化商品贸易中存在着贸易逆差。由于文化商品贸易与一般商品的贸易相比存在着特殊性,因此世界各国基于文化安全的目的纷纷采取文化保护主义政策。本文从文化贸易壁垒的效应分析出发,以文化例外条款为例,探讨文化贸易壁垒的实施为我国带来的经济效应以及文化效应,并对两种效应进行权衡。研究结论表明,从保护文化主权安全的角度来看,我国需要积极推动文化贸易壁垒的实施。     

碳关税:新的绿色贸易壁垒抑或WTO环境保护豁免

有鉴于国际气候变化谈判和条约制定屡遭挫折这一事实,WTO现行法律规则和争端解决机制能够成为判断并纠正单边环境立法行使贸易保护主义之实的有力救济。在判定碳关税是否构成隐形的"绿色壁垒"时,GATT第20条(g)款以及前言部分的规定最有可能成为争端解决机构运用的根本性指标。要获得WTO环境保护条款的豁免,碳关税在设置和实施过程中需符合一系列严格的法律要求。同时,中国出口产品在遭遇发达国家碳关税壁垒时,亦可根据该条款有针对性的质证该措施的立法动机和具体实施环节。归根结底,中国应积极运用WTO法律规则和争端解决机制,保障本国出口产品市场的稳定性和可预期性。     

Effects of Islamic religiosity on bilateral trust in trade: The case of Turkish exports

Using a rich firm level data set for Turkish manufacturing, we test whether sharing similar religious beliefs with potential contracting parties drives a firm’s first time entry into export markets. We exploit variation in the practice of Islam across Turkish NUTS3 regions and we find that firms located in regions characterised by stronger religiousness are more likely to enter export destinations with a higher share of Muslims among their population. This result is robust to the control for past trade, common language, cultural and migration ties as well as for selective trade policy in favour of politically connected religious business groups. In particular, religious proximity eases export entry for producers of “trust intensive” goods, it favours subsequent foreign market entries and reduces the export exit probability. All in all, our evidence supports an export enhancing effect of religious proximity working through export sunk costs reduction rather than through similarity in preferences.     

进入创新和产业融合发展关键期的中国经济*

党的十九大报告提出要全面建设现代化经济体系,打造制造强国、质量强国、创新型国家,着力加快建设实体经济、科技创新、现代金融、人力资源协同发展的产业体系。笔者认为,创新和产业深度融合发展是当前构建创新型国家最为突出、最为核心的问题。创新和产业融合发展的速度、广度和深度,既是中国壮大新动能和塑造新结构的核心途径,也是开启中国经济“新周期”的关键钥匙,又是影响中国潜在增长率结构性变化趋势的决定性因素,更是将中国今后一段时期内GDP增速维持在6%~8%高位运行的重要支撑因素。但是,当前创新和产业融合发展格局尚未全面有效形成,创新和产业融合发展正处于极为重要的爬坡期,处于全面推进“大破大立”式机制体制改革的临界点。中国不少地方政府对政府和市场关系所普遍存在的程度不等的认知偏差和操作误区现象,是导致这些问题出现和障碍爆发、导致众多变异行为和扭曲效应的总根源。在着重分析、重新认识并协调好政府和企业、国有和民营以及产业政策和市场公平竞争这三大关系的基础上,本文提出了相应的重点改革方向以及具体政策建议。     

Entry regulation and international trade

We use cross-country, cross-industry data to analyse the relationship between entry regulation and international trade. We find robust evidence that entry regulation discourages exports of industries with low natural barriers to entry. This implies that, in international markets, countries with heavy entry regulation have a comparative disadvantage in industries that are technologically easy to enter. Further analysis shows that the result is partly due to the negative impact of entry regulation on productivity.     

On the simultaneity bias in the relationship between risk attitudes,entry into entrepreneurship and entrepreneurial survival

We consider the simultaneity bias when examining the effect of individual risk attitudes on entrepreneurship. We demonstrate that entry into self-employment is related to changes in risk attitudes. We further show that these changes are correlated with the probability to remain in entrepreneurship.